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During the past decade, major advances in our understanding of ocean chemical processes have followed the discovery and ensuing investigation of seafloor hydrothermal activity. Fissures and fractures form in fresh ridge-crest basalt as it cools and is rifted apart. The fractures provide conduits for the circulation of cold bottom water into the underlying crust. The circulating seawater penetrates to a depth of a few kilometers, reacts chemically with hot basalt at temperatures in excess of 300°C, and emerges as hot springs along the ocean floor. The chemical exchanges that occur during this process include the removal from the water of magnesium and sulfate and the enrichment of the water in iron, manganese, calcium, silica, potassium, and other trace elements. Although these hydrothermal fluxes are still poorly known, it is clear that the fluxes of some of the elements involved in hydrothermal activity, like Mg, are of the same order of magnitude as the riverine flux and thus of equivalent importance in ocean chemical cycles and budgets.

Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 92, Southeast Pacific Ocean: Introduction, Cruise Narrative, Principal Results, and Explanatory Notes