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During the last 15 to 20 years, the fields of lithology and sedimentary chemistry have experienced significant development and expanded interest. As scientific knowledge in these fields is accumulated and applied, new solutions are being offered in response to the cardinal problems of the origin, compositional formation, and structural regularities of sedimentary rocks. These advances were achieved through complex methods of detailed lithofacies and paleogeographical analyses applied to the study of both Recent sediments and older rocks. Of paramount importance is the use of all current methods of physical and chemical investigation of the composition of sediments and rocks. These studies enable recognition of the peculiarities and details of the genesis of deposits (sedimentogenesis) in order to establish the major factors and causes determining the history of mineral transformation of sediments into rocks (lithogenesis). The study of the accumulation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits from Holes 400/400A, 401, and 402/402A in the Bay of Biscay, and from Sites 403, 404, 405, and 406 on Rockall Plateau was based on the complex method of detailed lithofacies analysis (Timofeev, 1968). The main task of this method is distinguishing genetic and facial types of sediments. In the course of describing sediments and rocks in detail, one can distinguish the primary (genetic) and secondary features (acquired in the process of sediment-to-rock transformation). This complex of features serves as the basis for determining the lithological types of sediments (rocks), the nomenclature of which reflects their structure and composition. From among the variety of features, one can single out genetical (primary) characteristics that enable specification of the conditions of sediment accumulation. Various combinations of genetic features which determine the characteristics of sediments serve as the basis for distinguishing an elementary genetic unit of a section, i.e., a genetic type of sediment. "Genetic type" of sediments means one or more lithological types of sediments (rocks) characterized by a combination of allied genetic (primary) features reflecting the common conditions of their accumulation. The further study of distribution of genetic types of sediments (sectionally and areally) allows elucidation of the physical-geographical (paleogeographical) conditions of their accumulation, i.e., allows reconstruction of the sedimentation environment. A "facies" is such an elementary paleogeographical unit. "Facies" (i.e., facies type of a sediment) denotes not only a complex of physical-geographical conditions in the sedimentation environment that resulted in formation of allied genetic types of sediments, but also denotes the sediments themselves which possess a corresponding complex of primary (genetic) features (conditions + sediment). The facies are presented in this report as an elementary geological body with space and time parameters. Each separate facies characterizes rather limited sectors of the sedimentation area. Therefore, an analysis of space distribution of facies and, especially, the peculiarities of conjugation with adjacent facies makes it possible to characterize vast areas of terrain in terms of a certain syngenetic tectonic regime. This complex of conjugated facies, corresponding to vast areas, is termed a "macrofacies." This report presents a brief summary of the principles of methods of detailed lithofacies study of sedimentary rocks. A complete description of the methods is given in the papers by Timofeev (1969, 1970, 1972). The above-referenced technique not only enables us to elucidate a detailed genesis of Recent and older sediments, as well as decipher the processes of sedimentogenesis (of sediments) and lithogenesis (of rocks), but also serves as the basis for recognition of the history of sedimentation and geological development of oceanic and continental blocks of the Earth's crust, hence, for establishing global correlation of geological processes of sedimentary rock formation of the Earth's crust.

Peculiarities of MesoCenozoic Sedimentation in the Bay of Biscay and Rockall Plateau Regions, Leg 48

Peculiarities of MesoCenozoic Sedimentation in the Bay of Biscay and Rockall Plateau Regions, Leg 48