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During the pre-late or middle Miocene times, basalt volcanics were the main source of sediments in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. The alteration of these volcanics resulted in the formation of smectite, palygorskite, phillipsite, clinoptilolite, or metahalloysite-kaolinite. This rather predominantly single source is contrasted with the diverse origins for the sediments in the eastern Indian Ocean during later times. These different sources are: the Indonesian silicic volcanic source resulting in the supply of smectite and volcanic ash; the Ganges-Brahmaputra River source supplying the illite-chlorite-rich sediments; the aeolian transport of kaolinite from western Australia; and the pelagic siliceous skeletal remains that have settled to the sea floor from the overlying waters in the equatorial productivity zone. In addition, basalt volcanics continued to be the source of the sediments in certain areas even though their importance was reduced. The diverse origins of the sediments during the late Cenozoic time are primarily the result of the northward movement of the Indo-Australian plate and the evolution of the eastern Indian Ocean—uplift of the Himalayas and the formation of the prominent subduction zone along the Indonesian islands— and certain paleoclimatological changes in the region during the Miocene and later.

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Mineralogical Data from Sites 211, 212, 213, 214, and 215 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 22, and Origin on Noncarbonate Sediments in the Equatorial Indian Ocean