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The relative abundance of certain elements and their stable isotopes sometimes indicates the environmental conditions under which discrete mineral phases originate. In the case of the sediments and sedimentary rocks recovered during Leg 13, we were particularly anxious to examine the environment of formation of the late Miocene (Messinian) evaporites. The evaporite minerals calcite, dolomite, anhydrite, and gypsum were available from Sites 122, 124, and 134 in the western Mediterranean; Site 132 in the central Tyrrhenian Basin; and Sites 125 and 129 in the eastern Mediterranean (see Figure 1). The materials consist of unaltered authigenic components (fine-grained anhedral dolomite in the gray marls of Cores 6, 7, 10, 11, and 13 of Hole 124) and minerals formed through secondary replacement and hydration (crystals of selenite in the Core Bit sample of Holes 122 and 125A). The scope of this preliminary research included determination of the source of water which supplied the brine basin during precipitation of at least part of the evaporite series, and elucidation of the conditions leading to replacement of anhydrite by gypsum or to the recrystallization of gypsum. A second objective was an evaluation of the isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen in the bulk carbonate of the Serravallian open-marine sediments below the evaporites, and the Pliocene and Pleistocene pelagic oozes above. The purpose of this effort was to determine the environmental setting of the Mediterranean Basin before and after the late Miocene "crisis of salinity" (Ruggieri, 1967).

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Oxygen, Carbon, Sulfur, and Hydrogen Stable Isotopes in Carbonate and Sulfate Mineral Phases of Neogene Evaporites, Sediments, and in Interstitial Waters