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The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic value of 18 F-FDG PET/CT for surveillance imaging in patients treated for stage III Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). Methods: This retrospective study included 61 consecutive stage III MCC patients who were clinically asymptomatic and underwent surveillance 18 F-FDG PET/CT. Findings were correlated with either pathology or clinical/imaging follow-up. The median follow-up period was 4.8 y. Statistical analyses were performed. Results:  18 F-FDG PET/CT detected unsuspected recurrences in 33% patients (20/61) with lesion-based sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 92%, 93%, and 93%, respectively. The mean ± SD SUV for malignant and benign lesions was 7.5 ± 3.9 and 3.8 ± 2.0, respectively. Unknown distant metastases, as first recurrence site, were noted in 12 of 61 patients. Those with positive disease on 18 F-FDG PET/CT within 1 y of definitive treatment had relatively worse overall survival ( P &lt; 0.0001). After adjustment on stage, risk of death increased with a higher SUV max (hazard ratio for 1 unit = 1.17; P = 0.006) and with a higher number of positive lesions on 18 F-FDG PET/CT (hazard ratio for 1 additional lesion = 1.60; P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Postdefinitive treatment surveillance 18 F-FDG PET/CT scanning detects unsuspected recurrences and has prognostic value. Inclusion of 18 F-FDG PET/CT within the first 6 mo after definitive treatment would be appropriate for surveillance and early detection of recurrence. Our data merit further studies to evaluate the prognostic implications.

18F-FDG PET/CT for post-treatment surveillance imaging of patients with stage III Merkel cell carcinoma