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When we critically assess the reason for the current dominance of 68 Ga-labeled peptides and peptide-like ligands in radiopharmacy and nuclear medicine, we have to conclude that the major advantage of such radiopharmaceuticals is the apparent lack of suitable 18 F-labeling technologies with proven clinical relevance. To prepare and to subsequently perform a clinical proof-of-concept study on the general suitability of silicon-fluoride-acceptor (SiFA)-conjugated radiopharmaceuticals, we developed inhibitors of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that are labeled by isotopic exchange (IE). To compensate for the pronounced lipophilicity of the SiFA unit, we used metal chelates, conjugated in close proximity to SiFA. Six different radiohybrid PSMA ligands (rhPSMA ligands) were evaluated and compared with the commonly used 18 F-PSMA inhibitors 18 F-DCFPyL and 18 F-PSMA-1007. Methods: All inhibitors were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Human serum albumin binding was measured by affinity high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas the lipophilicity of each tracer was determined by the n -octanol/buffer method. In vitro studies (IC 50 , internalization) were performed on LNCaP cells. Biodistribution studies were conducted on LNCaP tumor-bearing male CB-17 SCID mice. Results: On the laboratory scale (starting activities, 0.2-9.0 GBq), labeling of 18 F-rhPSMA-5 to -10 by IE was completed in &lt; 20 min (radiochemical yields, 58% ± 9%; radiochemical purity, &gt;97%) with molar activities of 12-60 GBq/μmol. All rhPSMAs showed low nanomolar affinity and high internalization by PSMA-expressing cells when compared with the reference radiopharmaceuticals, medium-to-low lipophilicity, and high human serum albumin binding. Biodistribution studies in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice revealed high tumor uptake, sufficiently fast clearance kinetics from blood, low hepatobiliary excretion, fast renal excretion, and very low uptake of 18 F activity in bone. Conclusion: The novel 18 F-rhPSMA radiopharmaceuticals developed under the radiohybrid concept show equal or better targeting characteristics than the established 18 F-PSMA tracers 18 F-DCFPyL and 18 F-PSMA-1007. The unparalleled simplicity of production, the possibility to produce the identical 68 Ga-labeled 19 F- 68 Ga-rhPSMA tracers, and the possibility to extend this concept to true theranostic radiohybrid radiopharmaceuticals, such as F-Lu-rhPSMA, are unique features of these radiopharmaceuticals.

Radiohybrid Ligands: A Novel Tracer Concept Exemplified by 18F- or 68Ga-Labeled rhPSMA Inhibitors

Radiohybrid Ligands: A Novel Tracer Concept Exemplified by ¹⁸F- or ⁶⁸Ga-Labeled rhPSMA Inhibitors