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Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) have an inherent capacity to form new blood vessels, resulting in excessive lesion growth, and this process is further triggered by the release of angiogenic factors. 68 Ga-labeled arginine-glycine-aspartate tripeptide sequence (RGD) PET/CT imaging may provide insight into the angiogenic status and treatment response of AVMs. This clinical feasibility study was performed to demonstrate that 68 Ga-RGD PET/CT imaging can be used to quantitatively assess angiogenesis in peripheral AVMs. Methods: Ten patients with a peripheral AVM (mean age, 40 y; 4 men and 6 women) and scheduled for endovascular embolization treatment were prospectively included. All patients underwent 68 Ga-RGD PET/CT imaging 60 min after injection (mean dose, 207 ± 5 MBq). Uptake in the AVM, blood pool, and muscle was quantified as SUV max and SUV peak , and a descriptive analysis of the PET/CT images was performed. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis was performed on surgical biopsy sections of peripheral AVMs to investigate the expression pattern of integrin α v β 3  Results:  68 Ga-RGD PET/CT imaging showed enhanced uptake in all AVM lesions (mean SUV max , 3.0 ± 1.1; mean SUV peak , 2.2 ± 0.9). Lesion-to-blood and lesion-to-muscle ratios were 3.5 ± 2.2 and 4.6 ± 2.8, respectively. Uptake in blood and muscle was significantly higher in AVMs than in background tissue ( P = 0.0006 and P = 0.0014, respectively). Initial observations included uptake in multifocal AVM lesions and enhanced uptake in intraosseous components in those AVM cases affecting bone integrity. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed cytoplasmatic and membranous integrin α v β 3 expression in the endothelial cells of AVMs. Conclusion: This feasibility study showed increased uptake in AVMs with angiogenic activity, compared with surrounding tissue without angiogenic activity, suggesting that 68 Ga-RGD PET/CT imaging can be used as a tool to quantitatively determine angiogenesis in AVMs. Further studies will be conducted to explore the potential of 68 Ga-RGD PET/CT imaging for guiding current treatment decisions and for assessing response to antiangiogenic treatment.

A Clinical Feasibility Study to Image Angiogenesis in Patients with Arteriovenous Malformations Using 68Ga-RGD PET/CT

A Clinical Feasibility Study to Image Angiogenesis in Patients with Arteriovenous Malformations Using ⁶⁸Ga-RGD PET/CT