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The nascent but increasing interest in incorporating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into tools for the computer-generation of inventions is expected to enable innovations that would otherwise be impossible through human ingenuity alone. The potential societal benefits of accelerating the pace of innovation through AI will force a re-examination of the basic tenets of intellectual property law. The patent system must adjust to ensure it continues to appropriately protect intellectual investment while encouraging the development of computer-generated inventing systems; however, this must be balanced against the risk that the quantity and qualities of computer-generated inventions will stretch the patent system to its breaking points, both conceptually and practically. The patent system must recognise the implications of and be prepared to respond to a technological reality where leaps of human ingenuity are supplanted by AI, and the ratio of human-to-machine contribution to inventive processes progressively shifts in favour of the machine. This article assesses the implications on patent law and policy of a spectrum of contemporary and conceptual AI inventiongeneration technologies, from the generation of textual descriptions of inventions, to human inventors employing AI-based tools in the invention process, to computers inventing autonomously without human intervention. DOI: 10.2966/scrip.130316.305 © Erica Fraser 2016. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence. Please click on the link to read the terms and conditions. * LLM Graduate, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. The author thanks Professor Burkhard Schafer for the discussions on this topic. (2016) 13:3 SCRIPTed 306

Computers as Inventors – Legal and Policy Implications of Artificial Intelligence on Patent Law