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Nitrate contamination of groundwater has become a serious issue affecting the quality of drinking water and human health. An energy-efficient, low-cost, and simple reactor was developed to remove nitrate via hydrogenotrophic denitrification (HD). Hydrogen (H2) supply was optimized by using a continuous supply of hydrogen (1–15 mL/min). The results revealed that the optimal condition was 5 mL/min, which yielded a nitrogen removal efficiency of 86.4% and a hydrogen effectiveness of 199 mg-N/g-H2. In the subsequent experiment, an intermittent hydrogen supply was used to improve the hydrogen effectiveness and hydrogen consumption. Using a cycle with a short period of hydrogen supply (3 min with hydrogen supply and 7 min with no hydrogen supply), excellent nitrogen removal efficiency (96.5%) was achieved, and the hydrogen effectiveness increased to 744 mg-N/g-H2. Furthermore, bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum and Betaproteobacteria class were the major components of the microbial community. However, Hydrogenophaga spp. (39.3%) was dominant under the continuous system, whereas Thauera spp. (58.5%) was the most abundant species under the intermittent system. In this study, Hydrogenophaga spp., Thauera spp., and Rhodocyclaceae, which were responsible for HD, afforded in efficient nitrogen removal from groundwater.

Optimization of Hydrogenotrophic Denitrification Behavior Using Continuous and Intermittent Hydrogen Gas Supply