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The design of experiment (DoE) approach using thermodynamic simulations with ThermoCalcTM was applied to evaluate the effect of alloy composition on the critical temperatures in Type 410 steels and welding consumables. A predictive equation and predictive diagram for the A1 temperature were developed and verified through experimentation and comparison with published data. This was also complemented with the development of a predictive equation for the A3 temperature. The results of this study show that the combined ASTM and American Welding Society (AWS) compositional specifications for Type 410 materials provide a range of A1 temperatures that is significantly wider than the postweld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature range specified by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). This creates a potential risk of exceeding the A1 temperature during PWHT, resulting in formation of fresh martensite, and can be related to difficulties meeting hardness and toughness requirements for Type 410 welds experienced in industry. Narrowing the ASTM and AWS compositional specifications by introduction of lower limits for all alloying elements, including nitrogen and copper, was identified as a potential solution to this problem. The predictive tools developed in this study can be applied for selection of welding consumables and base metals, postweld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature selection, and compositional optimization of Type 410 steels and welding consumables.

Alloy Composition and Critical Temperatures in Type 410 Steel Welds