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Since the early 2000's, the European Institutions have set up several eParticipation projects. These projects are embedded in different political strategies and are managed by different actors within the institutions. This leads to a wide variety of projects and prevents the European Union developing a single and concerted strategy in terms of online participation. This paper intends to compare two different models of online consultation: the Commission consultations hosted on Your Voice in Europe, and the European Citizens' Consultation 2009. The paper tackles three main subjects: the institutional strategies which frame these sites; the actors that they mobilize; their main and collateral effects. The goal of this synthesis is to identify some key features that fit the European context, in order to assess the possibilities of sustainability of such political experiments. Acknowledgement: The data concerning the European Citizens' Consultation (ECC) have been collected in the course of a collective research project involving scientists from different European universities, with which I have been able to collaborate. I wish to thank here Raphael Kies (Universite du Luxembourg) and Stephanie Wojcik (Universite Paris-Est Creteil), who were responsible for the analysis of the role of online forums in the ECC arrangement, for having made this data collection possible. n the context of European institutions, eParticipation projects have not been developed in the framework of a single concerted strategy. From the late 1990's onwards, the Commission, the Parliament and the Council have developed their own online participation mechanisms (Dalakiouridou, Tambouris & Tarabanis, 2009). Even within the European Commission, eParticipation projects are managed by various Directorates-Generale (DGs). The first online participatory procedures developed by the Commission were indeed introduced in the early 2000's, in the wake of the publication of the White Paper on European Governance. The use of information and communication technologies was seen as a way to promote better involvement of civil society in the decision-making process. From 2004 onwards, the Commission's DG Communication took up the question. In order to face up to the "democratic deficit" which affected the institutional legitimacy, channels of two-way online communication were set up, in order to allow citizens to make their voices heard on the European stage. At the same time, public policy related to the development of a "knowledge society" took a significant turn. Whereas this policy, since the beginning of the 1980's, had been primarily focussed on economic and technological issues, the i2010 eGovernment Action Plan (2006) was directed at the development of new technologies which favour citizen participation, identified as a major issue in an inclusive and democratic "knowledge society".

Pathways and Obstacles to eParticipation at the European level