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Sitta europaea, with 18 subspecies, has a wide distribution in deciduous forests of Eurasia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships of this subspecies to European, Asian as well as Caucasian clades. 10 individuals of two populations from Zagros forests in Kermanshah and Kohgiluyeh and BoyerAhmad Provinces were captured with permission from Iran Department of Environment and their blood samples were collected. Furthermore, we used ND2 sequence data (1041 bp) for 136 sequences from GenBank and 10 sequences from Zagros Mts. Genetic variations and Genealogical analysis was calculated using complete ND2 gene sequence (1041bp) and TRN+G model, Bayesian trees and maximum likelihood, respectively. Median joining algorithm showed the relationships among haplotypes. We found four new haplotypes for the Zagros populations. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Zagros populations were distinct from Caucasian clade. FST statistical values, resulting from the analysis of molecular variance represented significant variations in genetic structure among Eurasian Nuthatch populations. Moreover, FCT revealed significant variation among European, Asian and Caucasian clades. Our result suggests that Eurasian Nuthatch populations in Eurasia comprise three phylogenetic species, and likely biological species. However, the previous nomenclature subspecies, S.e. caucasian and S.e. persica, can be regarded as a common phylogenetic species.

Evolutionary history of subspecies of Eurasian nuthatches (Sitta europaea persica) from Zagros Mountains, Iran