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Background & Objective: Internationalization is an active and intelligent reaction to the phenomenon of globalization. Higher education internationalization in universities of medical sciences is a necessity and priority considering the emphasis of the upstream documents, including the sixth development plan, 20-year vision plan and medical education transformation program. Given the complication and various levels of internationalization of higher education from one hand and dependency of universities of medical sciences on the government system from the other hand, this study aimed to determine the role of the government in the higher education internationalization in universities of medical sciences. Materials and Methods: In this qualitative research, the grounded theory method was employed to evaluate content and reviews with experts. The research population included educational management experts and senior executive managers related to the ministry of health and universities of medical sciences. Interviews were conducted with 20 experts through theoretical and targeted sampling method and continued until data saturation. In addition, data analysis was performed using fixed comparative analysis and performing open, axial, and selective stages. Results: According to the grounded theory, the causal factors of the government were recognized with six factors (ministry of health, legal and policy-making units, national documents, national security, language and culture, information technology). On the other hand, strategies of the government and consequences were recognized with seven (policy research, policy-making, legislation, strategic plan, foreign policy, budget, and commercialization of education) and four (scientific, economic, political, and cultural development) factors, respectively. In addition, the relationship between the mentioned factors was presented in the diagram of grounded theory. Conclusion: As a phenomenon with national and transnational consequences, internationalization of higher education of universities of medical sciences requires the role-playing of the government in the implementation of strategies and realization of expected consequences. D ow nl oa de d fr om z um s. ac .ir a t 2 2: 17 IR S T o n F rid ay N ov em be r 8t h 20 19 67 Valimoghadam et al Journal of Medical Education Development, Vol 12, No 33 Spring, 2019 Introduction In the light of globalization, significant changes have made in politics, economics, culture, and communications around the world in the past few decades. Globalization is interpreted as the flow of technology, economy, knowledge, values, and ideas across borders, and countries are exposed to globalization, regardless of history, traditions, and culture (1). Experts believe that universities are affected by globalization, and this phenomenon has deeply affected all levels and dimensions of higher education and has created new challenges in education and research, university structure, and general training strategy (2). In fact, while not all universities are international and global, all of them are affected by global processes and globalization (3). In terms of globalization and internationalization of higher education, Knight has pointed out the dynamic relationship between the two concepts, where internationalization is an active and ingenious reaction to globalization (1). This scholar defines the internationalization of higher education as "the process of integrating international, intercultural and global dimensions for functions and goals of teaching & learning, research, and services of higher education” (4). Various reasons have been mentioned for internationalization and tendency of authorities and heads of universities toward this phenomenon, the most important of which include political, economic, cultural, social and academic reasons (5). In fact, not only internationalization is a necessity, but also it is a future-based response since a limited and isolated environment can no longer serve the extensive goals of higher education in society (6). In a research entitled “national policies for internationalization of higher education”, Curaj considered strategic thinking the most important role of the government in the internationalization of higher education, expressing the importance of government policy in countries with public universities. Generally, 41% of international students study in nine countries of the world, where there is a strategic plan for internationalization of higher education at the national level. In addition, two-thirds of these individuals have selected English as their education language (7). In a study by Li in China entitled “the role of the government in the internationalization of higher education”, the most important roles of D ow nl oa de d fr om z um s. ac .ir a t 2 2: 17 IR S T o n F rid ay N ov em be r 8t h 20 19 Role of Government to Internationalization Medical Science Universities 68 Journal of Medical Education Development, Vol 12, No 33 Spring, 2019 the government were recognized as support, strategic designing and macro planning, being the main supplier of financial resources, macro executive management, coordinating and being the main supervisor of internationalization of universities (8). In a study entitled “International trends in higher education” performed by Oxford University in 2015, there was an emphasis on the role of governments and their strategic plans in the development of the internationalization of higher education. In Russia, the “5-100-2020” plan has been developed to ensure that at least five Russian higher education establishments will be among the top one hundred universities in the world by 2020, for which a considerable budget has been allocated to advance the program. Another important goal of this plan is motivating students all over the globe to study in Russia in exchange for a scholarship of Russian students to study abroad. This country has paid $133.3 million for 3000 Russian graduate students to study abroad, and this method is a strategic technique to reduce brain drain. In its latest developmental plan, Germany has planned on the education of German students abroad until 2020. Providing scholarships to 118000 German students to study abroad in exchange for a 17% increase in the number of international students during a five-year program is one of the government strategies of Germany to develop international higher education. The United States, which is the largest and most attractive destination for the education of students from across the globe, has aimed to increase the number of American students studying abroad through a five-year program of known as “generation study abroad initiative”. In addition, Malaysia, Thailand, and Japan have strategic programs at the government level to internationalize higher education, the most important indicators of which are increasing the quality of research and education services, developing the industry-university relationship, decreasing dependency of universities on government resources, increasing the opportunities to attract foreign investment, developing English language learning, providing scholarships to students, and recruiting foreign students (9). Based on the viewpoints of faculty members at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Zamani manesh et al. reported the factors affecting the internationalization of medical science education to be political, financial, managerial, information, academic and cultural factors, respectively (10). In D ow nl oa de d fr om z um s. ac .ir a t 2 2: 17 IR S T o n F rid ay N ov em be r 8t h 20 19 69 Valimoghadam et al Journal of Medical Education Development, Vol 12, No 33 Spring, 2019 another research, Zamani manesh et al. obtained two categories of context (global and regional, cultural and economic, political and security conditions) and superficial (human resources management, scientific cooperation, space and equipment, curriculum, extracurricular activities, supervision and review, academic culture) factors in their model for internationalization of universities of medical sciences (11). In a research to evaluate the status of components of new technologies, English language, international research and scientific cooperation in University of Tehran and Shahid Beheshti University from the perspective of faculty members, staff, and students to determine feasibility of internationalization of the mentioned universities, Arefi and Azizi concluded that the possibility of internationalization of these universities was less than average and the expected level (12). In another research, Fathi Vajargah et al. identified the most important challenges of international higher education in Shahid Beheshti University as financial, cultural, technological, structural, diplomatic and academic factors from the viewpoint of professors (13). According to the mentioned issues, it seems that the developed and developing countries have employed important and prioritized programs at the state level to internationalize higher education. Internationalization of higher education is a complicated phenomenon and depends on economic, political and cultural actions. On the other hand, this issue has been recognized as a priority in the managerial system of Universities of Medical Sciences based on upstream documents, such as the fourth, fifth, and sixth development plans, the 20-year vision plan, the comprehensive scientific map of the country and the medical education transformation system. Review of the literature revealed that no research had been conducted in the country to assess the role of the government in the internationalization of higher education of Universities of Medical Sciences. With this background in mind, this qualitative study aimed to evaluate the role of the government in the internationalization of higher education of Universities of Medical Sciences from the perspective of exp

Role of Government in Internationalization of Higher Education in Universities of Medical Sciences of the Country: A Qualitative Resear