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Astrocytes interact closely with neurons via glutamate; this astrocyteneuron circuit may play a pivotal role in synaptic transmission. In addition, astrocytes contact vascular endothelial cells (ECs) with their end-feet; therefore, ECs may have some role in regulating neuronal activity via astrocytes in the brain. In our studies, we found that kainic acid (KA) microinjection induced the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) in venous ECs and the expression of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor EP3 on astrocytes. Moreover, endothelial mPGES-1 exacerbated KA-induced neuronal injury in the mouse brain. In in vitro experiments, mPGES-1 produced PGE2, which increased astrocytic Ca2+ levels and Ca2+-dependent glutamate release, thus aggravating neuronal injury. We found ECs had a role under pathological conditions and brain ECs are not merely a physiological barrier between the blood and brain; instead, they may also act as a signal transducer or amplifier. Moreover, the endotheliumastrocyte-neuron signaling pathway may be crucial for driving neuronal injury elicited by repetitive seizures and may be a new therapeutic target for epilepsy.

Endothelial prostaglandin E2 regulates neuronal injury after seizure via activation of astrocytes