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Fungi normally have different cells in their life cycle and fungal thermal dependence varies according to their life cycle stages and is thus completely different from that of bacteria. Various examples show that the concept of psychrophily in bacteria by Morita (1975) does not apply to fungi. Hence, we proposed the term “cryophilic fungi” to denote the organisms adapted to the cryosphere (Hoshino & Matsumoto 2012). Cryophilic fungi include not only saprophytes but also parasites, as well as symbionts (Hoshino et al. 2013a). Some groups of cryophilic organisms attack overwintering plants and other living organisms including fungi on/in/under snow. In this review, we discuss the diversity and ecophysiological characteristics of these fungi. The concept of cryophilic fungi is defined as fungi that are present in the cryosphere, complete their lifecycles (sexual and/or asexual reproductions), and grow under subzero temperature where water remains in the solid state such as snow and ice. The concept of cryophilic fungi also applies to unculturable fungi such as mycorrhizal fungi.

Environments influence the psychrophily of fungi and oomycetes in the cryosphere