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The Lower Cretaceous Voorspoed kimberlite pipe is one of the six pipes which comprise the Kroonstadt Kimberlite Cluster located in the central region of the Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa). The pipe was initially described as a typical South African tuffisitic kimberlite (Skinner, Marsh, 2004) and later on as a pipe with a 2 km deep crater filled by pyroclastic sedimentation and resedimentation of kimberlite and country rock debris (Howarth, Skinner, 2012) due to the presence of bedded volcaniclastics at a depth of 2 km from the original land surface. In 2013-2014, a volcanological and petrological study was carried out at Voorspoed mine, following onsite detailed drill core logging and pit mapping. The distribution of the main rock types (Fig. 1) and their spatial relationships investigated in the open pit and drill core revealed a complex facies architecture reflecting a not less complex pipe growth history.

The emplacement of Voorspoed pipe, South Africa: a tale of incremental pipe growth, tephra jets, mixing, and a shallow crater