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Carbon and water-rich (C-O-H) mantle fluids play a major role in metasomatism of the deep sub-continental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). Yet the origin and composition of the fluids involved and, in particular, the timing of metasomatic fluid-rock interaction, is still poorly constrained. ‘Fibrous’ diamonds form over short time intervals during metasomatism by percolating C-O-H fluids in the SCLM. Fibrous diamonds commonly encapsulate C-O-H fluids as μm-scale high-density fluid (HDF) inclusions, which can be directly sampled. Due to the physical strength and chemically inert nature of their diamond host, these HDF inclusions remain pristine for billions of years even when brought to Earth’s surface. They thus offer a unique opportunity to investigate metasomatic events involving C-O-H mantle fluids and the SCLM through Earth’s history. But until now no technique has been able to provide direct and reliable age constraints on HDFs.

Ages of mantle metasomatism from U-Th-He systematics of diamond-forming C-O-H fluids