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The definition of the relationship between the leak outflow, the total head at the leak and other relevant parameters such as the pipe stiffness, the leak dimension and shape has been object of extensive studies in recent decades. The use of the Torricelli equation has been questioned, because some experimental results showed that it can yield unsatisfactory results, and other formulations have been suggested to model water leakages in water distribution networks (WDNs). To investigate the effectiveness of the formulations suggested by different authors, an experimental campaign was carried out at the Environmental Hydraulic Laboratory of the University of Enna (Italy) for leaks of different shape and size in polyethylene pipes.

On the Calibration of the Mathematical Laws for the Water Loss Estimation in Water Distribution Network