English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Introduction Eli Cohen (1999) defines informing sciences as "the field of inquiry that attempts to provide a client with information in a form, format, and schedule that maximizes its effectiveness" (p.5). This paper examines the dynamic process of informing with respect to the credibility of its content (information value) in addition to the form and format that play an indirect role in determining its quality. In contrast to a different paper, "Quality of informing: Credibility--a provisional model of functional dependencies," this one focuses on the philosophical background and the inherent roots of bias and disinformation. They are the greatest risks associated with informing. Thoughts about mitigation strategies are discussed. According to Eli Cohen, bias is a failure to fully inform, and disinforming is reporting untrue information as true, with knowledge that it is not true. Its purpose is to deceive. This inquiry attempts to identify the underlying cause(s) of bias and disinformation and to demonstrate that bias is more than "failure to fully inform." The latter is the least harmful kind of bias, which is caused by ignorance, and belongs to misinforming, which is not a subject of this paper. This inquiry deals with the bias rooted in human nature, in its subconscious and intentions, which make it part of disinforming. This paper refers to the theoretical operations research-based approach to informing and to operations quality of data and information values as proposed by Gackowski (2004; 2005a; 2005b). The philosophical background and roots of bias and disinformation are based on Schopenhauer's opus vitae, "The world as will and representation," which was critically presented to English readers by Hamlyn (1980). The main contributions of this paper are * the modified concepts of informing * the role of credibility in passive informing * the role of credibility in active informing where bias and disinformation reign * some thoughts about mitigating disinformation and intentional bias For focused reading, key terms in paragraphs are in bold font, emphasis in italics, highest emphasis underlined, and terms followed by a definition in bold italics. Informing Systems as We Know Concepts of Informing In Nadler's (1970) terminology on work systems, "informing systems are a class of work systems whose basic output is information that affects recipients' actions" as defined by Gackowski (1982, p. 108). Since that time, a separate discipline of informing science emerged that was fostered by the incessant efforts of the Informing Science Institute, led by Eli Cohen, with an established tradition of annual international conferences, journals, and other forms of publication not horded by always shared on the Web. Informing models comprise basic components: information source(s), communication channel( s), and informed entities. In informing science, the latter are referred to as clients. In the conventional meaning of the term in commerce, networked computers, or program objects, however, they may not always be clients. The term "entities informed" renders better their role and position in informing. Information sources may be active or passive. * Active information sources--informing entities by their nature or design transmit, disseminate, or broadcast signals conveying information. When by design, sources are active agents--senders or disseminators of information, such as advertisers, professional information providers, politicians, preachers, etc.--the entities inform or try to affect them in a desired manner. * Passive information sources yield information when observed, examined, and/or measured. Communications channels link information sources and entities informed. The sets and sequences of signal transformations constitute the informing processes. They may be performed by any component of the informing model: informing entities, and/or communication channels, and/or entities informed. …

Quality of Informing: Bias and Disinformation Philosophical Background and Roots