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Sertoli cells play a crucial role in male fertility through boosting and regulating the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells into mature sperm during spermatogenesis. Female ovarian follicles are responsible for the production of mature ova and control of ovarian steroidogenesis. Disruption of these structures through exposure to environmental pollutants is critical for reproductive health. Here, we derived primary cell cultures of Sertoli cells and ovarian follicles from fallow deer ( Dama dama ). Cells were used as  in vitro  models to explore reproductive toxicity of heavy metals in wild species. Adverse effects of cadmium (CdCl 2 ), methylmercury (MeHgCl 2 ), and lead (PbCl 2 ) were investigated through a range of equal molar concentrations (0, 15, 30, 60, 125, 250 µM). We found both concentration-dependent and independent cytotoxic patterns ( P  &lt; 0.01,  P  &lt; 0.05) in cells exposed to CdCl 2 , MeHgCl 2 , and PbCl 2 . Based on generation of lipid hydroperoxides, significant levels of cell oxidative perturbation were detected in the CdCl 2  ( P  = 0.0001), PbCl 2  ( P  = 0.001), and MeHgCl 2  ( P  = 0.003) groups. Likewise, the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase were inhibited in all metal-treated groups ( P  &lt; 0.01). Genotoxic DNA damage (single-strand break) was also observed (MeHgCl 2  group,  P  = 0.002; CdCl 2  and PbCl 2  groups,  P  = 0.004). Increased activity of superoxide dismutase ( P  = 0.0002 and  P  = 0.01) was observed in MeHgCl 2  and CdCl 2 , respectively. Cell apoptosis was detected in all the PbCl 2  and CdCl 2  ( P  = 0.00007) and MeHgCl 2  ( P  = 0.001) groups. The results of this study can be used to characterize the responsiveness of fallow deer gonadal cells to the stress of toxic metal exposure.

Reproductive toxicity of heavy metals in fallow deer in vitro