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In vitro and in vivo studies on immunogenicity of equine influenza viruses were investigated in an equine model using the cell proliferation assay. Proliferating cells were characterized and the induction of immunogenicity in these cells was also determined. Both equine-1 (H7N7) and equine-2(H3N8) influenza viruses were found to be mitogenic in vitro but lymphocyte responsiveness was mote marked with the former. Lymphocyte responsiveness was also observed in vivo from 72 hours up to 6 weeks following intravenous injection of experimental horses with influenza viral glycoproteins while haemagglutination inhibition and protective neutralising antibodies showed that equine influenza viruses and their surface glycoproteins could induce B and T cell responses in horses. This induction occurred through direct binding of the virus surface antigens to receptors on the surface in addition to previously reported activation of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex restricted T cells. The proliferating cells produced immunoglobulin isotypes IgGa, IgGb, IgGc and IgG(T). The role of memory B and T cells in the protection of immunized animals is highlighted.

Cellular Immune Recognition of Influenza A Viruses in Equines: in vitro and in vivo Studies on the Immunogenicity of Equine Influenza Viruses