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The star nosed mole, Condylura cristata, due to its morphological and behavioural peculiarities, has been deeply investigated by different authors. By contrast, very little is known about the phylogenetic relationships, evolution and diversity of the fossil members of this genus. In the present study we provide new insights about the fossil specimens ascribed to Condylura taking into account systematic, palaeobiogeographical and palaeoecological aspects. Further, we provide a re-description of a fossil Condylura from the middle Miocene of Kazakhstan. We confirm that the Kazakh fossil belongs to the genus Condylura, based on humeral morphological features, and we discuss its implications and impact on the phylogenetic scenario and ecology of this peculiar talpid genus. This specimen represents the earliest record of the genus, thus suggesting an Eurasiatic origin instead of the most commonly accepted scenario of a North American one. The presence of both plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters in Condylura strongly supports the hypothesis that this genus could be considered as sister clade of Talpinae. Gabriele Sansalone. Roma Tre University of Rome, Dept. of Sciences, L.S. Murialdo, 1 – 00146 Rome, Italy/Center for evolutionary ecology, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche, Italy/Form, Evolution and Anatomy Research Laboratory, Zoology, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia gsansalone@uniroma3.it Tassos Kotsakis. Roma Tre University of Rome, Dept. of Sciences, L.S. Murialdo, 1 – 00146 Rome, Italy/ Center for evolutionary ecology, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche, Italy kotsakis@uniroma3.it Paolo Piras. Center for evolutionary ecology, C.da Fonte Lappone, Pesche, Italy/Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari,Respiratorie, Nefrologiche, Anestesiologiche e Geriatriche, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome, Italy/Dipartimento di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geotecnica, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00100, Rome, Italy ppiras@uniroma3.it

Condylura (Mammalia, Talpidae) reloaded: New insights about the fossil representatives of the genus