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Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) allows non-invasive imaging of internal structures of various objects. Micro-CT devices (x-ray microscope, CT scanner) utilize x-rays to see inside the object and enable its three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Here, a large set of shells (>60 specimens) of varying composition and origin were visualized using micro-CT to test its efficiency for investigation of (micro-)borings and other colonization structures. The set covered various materials and structures of marine shells, from the Ordovician to recent, some of them being influenced by diagenetic changes; it comprised internal moulds of invertebrate body fossils preserved in the siliceous nodules, bryozoan colony from marls to clayey limestones, epibiontic interactions of bryozoan colonies and conulariid specimens with apatitic periderm from clay limestones sediments, calcareous shells of platycerid gastropods from organodetritic limestones, microborings in peloidal grainstone, calcitic or calcitic/aragonitic serpulid tube worms, organic-walled lacustrine egg-like bodies, and recent foraminiferas from the Mediterranean. We focused on various structures from minute microborings to macroborings, burrows, and epibionts. Optimal settings of micro-CT devices for different types of shells combined with different types of borings and their fillings, burrows, and epibionts are suggested. Three-dimensional visualization of the surfaces of fossil shelled organisms using surface modelling is proposed. The main benefits of micro-CT include its non-destructive nature (measurements can be repeated, valuable specimens can be preserved for further studies, etc.) and reasonable 3D visualization of inner structures. On the other hand, resolutions of less than 1 μm cannot be effectively achieved, and this may limit studies on microborings by bacteria and certain fungi. Zuzana Heřmanová. Department of Palaeontology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00, Prague 9, Czech Republic, zuzka.hermanova@gmail.com Jana Bruthansová. Department of Palaeontology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00, Prague 9, Czech Republic, & Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic, jana_bruthansova@nm.cz Katarína Holcová. Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov HEŘMANOVÁ ET AL.: MICRO-CT BIOEROSION 2 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic, holcova@natur.cuni.cz Radek Mikuláš. Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic, mikulas@gli.cas.cz Martina Kočová Veselská. Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 269, CZ-165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic & Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic, veselska@natur.cuni.cz Tomáš Kočí. Ivančická 581, Prague 9 Letňany, 19900 protula@seznam.cz Jan Dudák. Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Husova 240/5, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic, jan.dudak@cvut.cz Martin Vohník. Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lesní 322, 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic, vohnik@ibot.cas.cz

Benefits and limits of x-ray micro-computed tomography for visualization of colonization and bioerosion of shelled organisms