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In traditional vegetable-producing regions, transplanting is a wellknown technique used especially for higher valued vegetables to improve growth performance and productivity. However, young vegetable seedlings transplants in arid and/or semiarid regions are often exposed to environmental stresses of various levels depending on the season, such as drought and heat stresses (Shinohara and Leskovar, 2014). In greenhouse system there are many effective growth factors such as temperature, relative humidity, light and solar radiation. Of all the climatic factors affecting vegetable production, temperature is considered as one of the most important factors. Global temperature has increased by 0.3–0.6C since the late 19 century and by 0.2–0.3C over the last 40 years. In the last 140 years, the 1990s was the warmest period (Jones and Briffa, 1992). Temperature affects growth and development of vegetables in terms of seed germination, development of economic parts, flowering, pollination, fruit set, quality of produce, seed production, seed storage, seed dormancy and occurrence of disease and pests. Growth and development of most vegetable crops are adversely affected at temperatures less than 5 C. Growth normally increases with increasing temperatures up to 40 C, and thereafter it decreases drastically (Taiz and Zeiger, 2010). Moreover, light is the most important environmental parameters that represent the climate of green house, short wave lengths ultraviolet rays, to low energy, long wave length radio waves. Plant life ultimately depends on energy derived from the sun light, and photosynthesis is the only biological important process that can harvest this energy in the form of carbohydrates. In addition to photosynthesis, there are many other aspects of plant growth most affected by light: chlorophyll synthesis, photoperiod, photomorphogensis, phototropism and photo inhibition (Taiz and Zeiger, 2010). Low-cost protected cultivation, such as plastic tunnels and net houses, has the potential to reduce different biotic and abiotic stresses, which affect productivity and quality (Ilić et al., 2015). Netting, is frequently used to protect transplants and other commercial crops from excessive solar radiation, to improve the thermal climate sheltering from wind and hail, and for exclusion of birds and insecttransmitted viral diseases (Shahak, 2008; Kong et al., 2013; Ilić and Fallik, 2017). Significant amount of work has been done on the effect of shading material including shade clothes with varying degree of shading , colored shade nets, and partially shade screens (Li et al., 2000; Buthelezi et al., 2016; Chang et al., 2016; Sivakumar et al., 2017) to reduce the photo-inhibition or/and high temperature caused by light. Moderate shading could improve the photosynthesis and thereby increase yields and quality through improved carbohydrate supply and efficient water use (Shahak et al., 2008). Shading effect of black shade nets can lower the inner temperature under the nets with a higher shade factor leading to decreased radiation exposure. The incident of radiation from the sun is partially reflected or abORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

archives of agriculture and environmental science

Effects of Shade Level and Microenvironment on Vegetative Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Transplanted Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)