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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic malignancy characterized by abnormal proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. Around 15,000 new case of AML are diagnosed each year with a fatality rate of 65%. Conventional treatment consists of two phases, an induction phase and a consolidation phase. Though standard treatment yields a high remission rate, the majority of patients eventually relapse due to the proliferation of drug-resistant leukemic blasts in the bone marrow, hence the need for alternative approaches employing novel, more selective mechanisms for targeting AML blasts. In this study, we attempt to target both the MAPK pathway and the uPA/uPAR protease system in AML cells using a dual-selective, urokinase-activated recombinant anthrax lethal toxin (PrAgU2/LF). Anthrax lethal toxin (PrAg/LF) is a binary toxin that consists of two separate proteins, a protective antigen (PrAg) and a lethal factor (LF). PrAg binds cells, is cleaved by furin, oligomerizes, binds three to four molecules of LF, and undergoes endocytosis, releasing

Sensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia cells to the dual targeting of the urokinase plasminogen activator and the MAPK pathway by a urokinase-activated anthrax lethal toxin. (c2013)