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2 Acknowledgments 4 List of Figures 7 List of Tables 7 Chapter 1 – Introduction 8 Problem Statement 10 Theoretical Foundation 11 The Use of the Theory in This Research 11 Research Questions 12 Research Outline 12 Chapter 2 – Literature Review 14 Themes Emerging from the Literature Review 21 Chapter 3 – Online Education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 24 The Development of Online Education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 24 Timeline of Online Education in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 25 Online Programs of Saudi Universities 27 Chapter 4– Research Methodology 29 Research Design 29 Sampling 30 Participants and Site of the Research 31 Data Collection 32 Chapter 5 – Data Analysis and Results 34 Data Analysis 34 Narrative Analysis 34 The Reality of Online Education Programs 6 Coding Analysis 35 Trustworthiness of and Bias in the Study 37 Findings from Interviews with Employees of the Ministry of Education 39 Problems of Online Education According to the Ministry 41 Findings from the Interviews with Faculty and Students at Imam University 46 Advantages of Online Education According to Faculty and Students 46 Problems in Online Education According to Faculty and Students 47 Chapter 6 – Conclusion and Recommendations 48 Conclusion 48 Final Recommendations 51 Future Work 52 Limitations of the Study 53 References 54 Appendix A – Interview Questions 58 Appendix B – Interview Questions in Arabic 61 Appendix C – Recruitment Script 63 Appendix D – Debriefing Procedure 65 Appendix E – Consent Form 66 Appendix F – Consent Form in Arabic 72 Appendix J – Gate Letter 77 The Reality of Online Education Programs

The Reality of Online Education Programs in Universities of Saudi Arabia Case Study on the Online Bachelor Program at Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University