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ion--which Max Weber (l86ij.-1929) believed could nbe made that [was] not entirely limited to specific historical „60 complexes at specific times and places, parative method runs counter to the more critical methods of Toynbee!s corathe social sciences because he gives a freer play to imagin­ ation and speculation and because he does not absolutize his cultural relativism. Toynbeefs generalizations follow from his conviction that as content of thought, history cannot be rendered Toynbee f s objective, intelligible apart from guiding ideas. therefore, is to establish, to articulate, and to apply the most useful and most adequate of these ideas, a qualified objective reality because they are embodied in real events as well as in thought, but they should not be Moreover Toynbee attempts to avoid the They possess taken too literally, insularity of historicism and its absolute relativism. An 83 ideal-typical generalization lfis never a statistical mode or mean; it is a deliberate accentuation of even distortion of empirical reality for the purpose of gaining scientific control In other words, it is a useful device for rendering unique events amenable to constructive analysis. It is a device not unknown to the physical as well as the social sciences. t.62 over that reality. Because Toynbee uses this particular technique, Collingwood asserted that his "great Study of History repre1,63 In sents a restatement of the positivistic view itself, reality, however, Toynbee*s method is one of compromise, combines the demand for an imaginative cultural relativism with the legitimate interest in the persisting or universal elements of human culture from which generalizations may be derived.^ It The so-called Toynbeean scandal and heresy turns out to be somewhat less repugnant than it is sometimes made out Like most students of society, Toynbee uses a model— in his case the Hellenic civilization--to which other cases fimile Durkheim (1858-1917), for example, directed attention to studies of primitive religion in to be.

Toynbee's Idea of Etherialization as a Criterion of Progress