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This  thesis  examines  the  relationship  between  sexual  behaviour  and  the ovarian  cycle  in  a  group-living  primate,  Papio  h.  hamadryas. Of  particular  interest  is whether  females modify  their ovarian cycle  in a manner  that  is  expected  increase  their reproductive  success. The  study was conducted on a captive colony where  the  resident males  (RM)  had  been  vasectomised  prior  to  start  of  the  study  resulting  in  all mature females undergoing repeated ovarian cycling throughout the study period. This made the  analysis of sexual behaviour relative to fine scale changes in the ovarian cycle possible. One  year  of  ovarian  cycle  data  and  280  hours  of behavioural  data  was  collected  via observational sampling during the study. RM vasectomisation did not alter the archetypal one  male  unit  social  structure  nor  the  typical  socio-spatial  organisation  of  wild hamadryas  populations.  Females  were  found  to  be  more  promiscuous  than  in  wild populations,  however,  presumably  because  of  the  confounding  effect  that  the  high number  of  simultaneously  cycling  females  had  on  RM  herding  (Chapter  1).  RMs  dominated copulations over the optimal conceptive period of the ovarian cycle, while the majority of extra-OMU copulations occurred outside this period and were rarely solicited by  females. This pattern  supports  a  dual  paternity concentration/paternity  confusion strategy, and not female choice or fertility insurance strategies (Chapter 2). Females were not  found  to  synchronise  or  asynchronise  their  cycles  over  the  1  year  study  period,  although a review of the literature on hamadryas breeding patterns suggests that they may be  able  to  do  so  over  shorter  periods  (Chapter  3).  Females  did,  however,  appear  to regulate the length of the turgescent phase of their ovarian cycle in a manner that would facilitate  a  paternity  confusion  strategy  and  maximise  their  expected  fitness  payoff (Chapter 4). Consequently, this study provides empirical evidence that female hamadryas baboons manipulate  their  ovarian  cycle  in  a manner  that  is  expected  to  increase  their reproductive success.

Female Reproductive Strategies and the Ovarian Cycle in Hamadryas Baboons