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This paper was presented at the Institute of Policy Studies/ Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research conference ‘Biophysical Limits and their Policy Implications’, held at Victoria University of Wellington 8 – 9 June 2011. The nature of the problem When we talk about increasing resource scarcity there is a common assumption that the earth is running out of resources. So, to halt this rapid decline, we must indeed halt economic growth. On the other hand, there are those who believe that resource depletion can largely be addressed with the use of substitutes or by developing new technologies: so, essentially, future behaviours around resource management can be an extension of the past. In my view the nature of the problem is not about the earth running out of key renewable resources. It is about gross inefficiencies around how these resources are managed; it is about how limits are set and how new technologies are disseminated. It is the failure of institutions to recognise and respond to increasing environmental pressures, complexity and uncertainty, and failure to manage resources within the context of systems dynamics where feedbacks and non-linearities are ever present. Take water, for example. Despite the depletion of watercourses, glaciers and aquifers in many regions, the earth is not running out of water. In fact, most countries have more than enough water to supply their populations’ growing needs and to sustain the flows needed Biophysical Limits and their Policy Implications: The Nature of the Problem

Biophysical limits and their policy implications: the nature of the problem