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Introducao: As condicoes de nascimento, em especial o parto cesareo, impactam a curto e longo prazo a saude infantil. Nesse estudo, tivemos como o bjetivo : Associar o parto cesarea a incidencia de leucemias em criancas. Metodos : Trata-se de estudo observacional com pacientes dos Ambulatorios da Pediatria Oncologica, entre 0 a 14 anos, nascidos a termo, em tratamento ou acompanhamento por Leucemia Mieloblastica Aguda, Leucemia Linfoblastica Aguda, ou Leucemia Mieloide Cronica. A investigacao sobre gestacao e parto foi feita por meio de questionario, que aborda, apos identificacao do paciente, dados do diagnostico e das condicoes de nascimento e parto das criancas. A incidencia de parto cesarianas na amostragem foi comparada com as taxas brasileiras, segundo o DATASUS. Resultados : A taxa brasileira de cesarianas foi de 55,5% em 2016, enquanto nos pacientes estudados, 41,9% (IC 31,9-51,9) nasceram por cesarianas. Portanto, a incidencia de cesareas na populacao em questao e inferior a brasileira. Conclusao : A populacao estudada neste trabalho, criancas com diagnostico de leucemia, nao apresenta taxa de nascimentos por cesarianas superior a taxa nacional. Assim, a hipotese de que a taxa de cesarianas seria maior em uma populacao com diagnostico de leucemia nao foi confirmada. Portanto, apesar do que ja fora proposto em estudos previos nao foi possivel confirmar a associacao entre parto cesariana com maior incidencia de leucemia infantil. Novos trabalhos ainda sao necessarios para melhor entendimento da associacao entre via de parto e diagnostico de malignidades, especialmente populacoes com alta taxa de cesarianas. Descritores: Cesarea, Trabalho de parto, Fatores de risco, Leucemia, Neoplasias, Crianca ABSTRACT Aim : Birth conditions, in particular caesarean delivery, can impact on child health. In this study, our objective was: associate the cesarean delivery with incidence of leukemias in children. Methods : This is an observational study with outpatients from Pediatric Oncology Clinic, between 0 and 14 years old, born at term, undergoing treatment or having follow-up care due to acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or chronic myeloid leukemia. The research of pregnancy and childbirth was done using a questionnaire, which addresses, after identification of the patient, data from the diagnosis and birth conditions. The sample’s cesarean delivery incidence was compared with the Brazilian rates, according to DATASUS. Results : The Brazilian cesarean rate was 55.5% in 2016, while in our sample, 41.9% (CI 31.9-51.9). Therefore, our incidence of Caesarean section is inferior compared to the Brazilian. Conclusion: The population studied, children diagnosed with leukemia, does not present a higher rate of caesarean birth than the national rate. Thus, the hypothesis that the cesarean rate would be higher in a population diagnosed with leukemia was not confirmed. Therefore, despite what has already been proposed in previous studies it was not possible to corroborate with the association between cesarean delivery and higher incidence of childhood leukemia. New studies are required to better understand the relation between delivery and diagnosis of malignancies, especially including populations with a high rate of caesarean sections. Keywords : Cesarian section; Labor, obstetric; Risk factors;  Leukemia; Neoplasms; Child

Parto cesárea como fator de risco de leucemia infantil / C section as a risk fator for leucemias