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ARMED HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: THE ROLE OF POWERFUL LEADERS IN FRAMING AND THE NATIONAL SECURITY DECISION MAKING PROCESS John Marshall Callahan Old Dominion University, 2014 Director: Dr. Simon Serfaty This study identifies and analyzes the decision making and framing processes for selected cases o f armed humanitarian intervention by the United States in the post-Cold War Era. It fills a gap in the literature on decision making, focusing on the role of the powerful individual leader in national security decision making and the framing of interventions to the U.S. public and other stakeholder audiences. An examination of extant literature on the subject of U.S. foreign policy decision making, and development and implementation of framing strategies is used to determine the role of the individual leader in those processes using three case studies, the Bush intervention in Somalia in 1992, the Clinton intervention in Kosovo in 1999, and the Obama intervention in Libya in 2011. This dissertation is dedicated to my father, Kelley John Callahan, who has always supported me in my academic endeavors. Dad, you’re my best friend too. It is also dedicated to my mother, Patsy Mae Callahan, who is still with us in spirit, and who always wanted this to happen. And to my sister Mary and nieces Aurora and Aurelia, who are always there for me, and make sure that I have enough Pellegrino on hand for proper analysis o f the great issues.

Armed Humanitarian Intervention: The Role of Powerful Leaders in Framing and the National Security Decision Making Process