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Community concerns regarding natural resource management may be addressed in several forms. The community may participate as part o f the public in the management process; community concerns may be included in social impact assessment; and communities may directly participate as managers o f resources whether on their own or in conjunction with higher levels o f government. In fisheries, typically community concerns are addressed through social impact assessment which is perceived to be lacking In social theory, history, and often effect (Boggs 1994, Little and Krannich 1989). More recent activity and newer regulations show success with co-management, a management regime of shared responsibilities that is perceived to be based in social theory (McCay and Acheson 1987, Berkes et al 2001). Co-management requires specific situations to be in place for its institution, however (McCay 2002). This dissertation was undertaken to find a mechanism to assist communities in providing their concerns on management issues of area management and possible buybacks while meeting requirements o f social theory and law. In the attempt, a social impact assessment based upon community-based co-management theory, an assessment of the potential o f community-based co-management are generated. SOCIOECONOMIC EFFECTS OF AREA MANAGEMENT AND THE POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNT BASED CO-MANAGEMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THE < .ANTIC SEA SCALLOP FISHERY Chapter lo Introduction In the 1990s, world and U. S. fisheries were determined to he in a crisis (McGoodwin 1994, Crean and Symes 1596). Catches were declining, and so were incomes o f fishermen. These issues were o f concern to the fishermen and their families, fishery scientists, fishery decision-makers, environmentalists, economists, anthropologists and sociologists, and to the communities in 'which fishermen lived and worked (H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment 2000). New management strategies were developed to rebuild fishery resources, but social and economic effects o f the conservation of the resources were viewed by management agencies and Congress to be less urgent. Strategies for management included closing portions o f fishing grounds or denial of access to specific groups of fishermen. This strategy has been generally successful for attaining biological goals o f increased stocks; for example, the Atlantic sea scallop fishery is considered rebuilt, and the National Marine Fisheries Service (2003) finds that many other fishery resources are rebuilding. An additional mechanism for coping with stock declines is the reduction of capacity through buybacks. Buybacks remove vessels and/or permits from a fishery1 in crisis with at least some compensation to vessel owners. This is preferable to having owners declare bankruptcy. However, there must be some restrictions on re-entry to the fishery for successful capacity reduction. Thus far, the biological and some economic concerns for fisheries have been, and continue to be, addressed, but at what socio-economic costs and to whom? In addition, now can those individuals and communities who have been affected adopt to management, or how can they mitigate negative effects o f regulatory change by participation in the rule making

Socioeconomic Effects Of Area Management And The Potential For Community-Based Co-Management: A Case Study Of The Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery