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har is the largest desert of Pakistan and seventh largest in the world.1 This desert has the blessing of being the only fertile desert in the world where the rainfall brings the dead land to life. That is the reason why people live not only in the outskirts of desert but also in the desert area.2 This semi-arid area seems not completely xeric because of the average rainfall of 200-300 mm which is usually erratic and non-consistent.3 The natural disaster is not always the drought but the poluuted water when available contains lots of impurities and sediments.4 This leads the human growth and development towards imbalanced proportions in majority of aspects of health. Thar desert is 120 meter elevated from sea level. The geographical proximity of the Great Rann of Kutch (the largest salt marsh) and Arabian Sea in the South of Thar Desert render the underground water of Thar a marine environment.5 Furthermore, the alluvial plains of Indus River and the coast make the underground water more salty.6 The volcano in the region of Rajisthan may be the source. Thar is a tropical area with maximum temperature as high as 48°C1 thus giving the clue of presence of coal beneath its burning lands. Thar is the largest district of Sind.4 It has a total population of 1.65 million scattered over an area of 19,638 km2. Water, the most treasurable natural resource that is gifted to human beings, is under constantly increasing intimidation in this area. Therefore, inadequate access to safe drinking water has become the most critical and the most challenging environmental problem. Throughout history, people of this region have used groundwater as a source of drinking water and not only them, more than half of the world's population depends on it for existence. Groundwater constitutes 97% of global freshwater and in many regions, groundwater springs 1. Professor, Department of General Medicine, D.I.M.C, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. 2. Professor, Department of Ora Sugery, Dr Ishrat ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Dr Ishrat ul Ebad Khan Institute of Oral Health Sciences Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. 4. MBBS (student) Undergraduate Student, Department of General Medicine, D.I.M.C, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. 5. Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Jinnah Sindh Medical University. Corresponding author: “Dr. Iftekhar Ahmed” < dr_iftekharahmed@hotmail.com >

Frequency of Dental Fluorosis in Population Drinking Water with High Fluoride Level in Thar