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The complex permittivity of thickened waste activated sludge (WAS) wasmeasured from 3 MHz to 40 GHz. The solid content of the thickened WAS samplewas varied from 4.5% to 18% by weight. The permittivity spectra exhibitfeatures typical of biological tissues that have a high water content. At highfrequencies, a Debye-type dispersion is observed with a relaxation rate of 19GHz characteristic of the bulk water in the sample ($\gamma$-dispersion). Atlower frequencies, the solid content of the samples determines the propertiesof the permittivity. The onset of the so-called $\beta$-dispersion, attributedto the charging of cell membranes, occurs between 10-100 MHz. For samples withhigher solid concentrations, a weak dispersion of the real part of thepermittivity, characteristic of bound water, was observed at intermediatefrequencies ($\delta$-dispersion).

Permittivity of waste-activated sludge by an open-ended coaxial line