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Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is one of the most important cut flowers in the world. As chrysanthemum is a short-day (SD) plant, night-break (NB) treatment by incandescent (INC) lamps from autumn to spring is necessary for the year-round production of cut flowers. The INC lamp is an efficient light source for regulating flowering, because it emits light at wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to over 800 nm. However, as a measure to prevent global warming, the Japanese government canceled the manufacture and sale of INC lamps. Therefore, the development of new light sources to replace INC lamps is a pressing need for the NB treatment of chrysanthemums. Fluorescent lamps not only are easily damaged, but also are not necessarily the optimal light source for NB treatment in chrysanthemums, because they are unsuitable for some chrysanthemum varieties, and flowering inhibition is incomplete (Cathey and Borthwick, 1970). LED lamps have recently been developed, and have the advantages over INC lamps of lower energy consumption and longer durability. LED lamps emit light over a narrow range of wavelengths, and are highly effective for photomorphogenesis, particularly at low light intensities (Ohishi et al., 2010). However, there have been few instances where NB treatment in chrysanthemums has been conducted using LEDs (Arai and Ohishi, 2010). Light quality and photoperiod regulate many aspects of plant growth and development, including stem elongation and flowering. Shoot elongation is affected by light wavelength; blue and far-red (FR) light have a positive effect (Hirai et al., 2006; Shimizu et al., 2008; Arai and Ohishi, 2010), whereas red (R) light has an inhibitory effect (Reid et al., 2002). Phytochromes are important light sensors in plants, and induce photomorphogenic responses. Their maximum absorption spectra are 668 nm and 730 nm, and the two forms (Pfr and Pr) respond to R light and FR light, respectively (Kelly and Lagarias, 1985; Lagarias et al., 1987). In this study, we investigated shoot elongation responses to different light qualities during NB treatment in chrysanthemums, as well as the relationship between different LED wavelengths and shoot elongation.

environment control in biology

Night-break Effect of LED Light with Different Wavelengths on Shoot Elongation of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat ^|^lsquo;Jimba^|^rsquo; and ^|^lsquo;Iwa no hakusen^|^rsquo;