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Recombinant proteins as biopharmaceuticals have been commercially produced in Escherichia coli, yeasts, insect cells and mammalian cells. Although the production systems are well established, there are some issues concerning production costs and safety. The high production costs are due to the expensive facilities required, such as tanks and purification systems to remove impurities or toxins, and maintaining cell lines is costly. There are also some issues regarding infection risks by viral contamination. One possible solution for these issues is to produce recombinant proteins in transgenic plants. The advantages of the utilization of plant systems include a vast reduction in production costs, and a lower risk of contamination with infectious microbes or toxins (Giddings et al., 2000). Tomatoes, tobacco, rice and corn have been used as hosts when developing production technologies for biopharmaceuticals (Giddings et al., 2000; Daniell et al., 2001; Sala et al., 2003). In 2006, the USDA approved a new oral vaccine against Newcastle disease in chickens, produced in transgenic tobacco cells. In 2012, the FDA approved Elelyso (taliglucerase alfa), a recombinant enzymatic medicine for type 1 Gaucher’s disease, produced in transgenic carrot cells (Maxmen, 2012). However, these two biopharmaceuticals are produced in plant cell culture systems, and so the production costs remain high. In order to reduce these costs it is necessary to utilize whole plant cultivation systems. When using whole transgenic plants, it is also necessary to prevent the potential-flow of transgenes from the cultivation room to the surrounding environment. In addition, high levels of uniformity of harvested materials, and stable plant production, not affected by seasonal variations, are required. This can be achieved by using a closedtype plant production system, termed a plant factory in this study. The plant factory can maintain stable cultivation conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and light, all year round. In addition, the plant factory can create a specialized cultivation environment not occurring in nature, such as a high CO2 concentration. Optimizing the cultiva-

Effects of Plant Cultivation Density and Light Intensity on the Production of a Vaccine Against Swine Edema Disease in Transgenic Lettuce