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Single-stage Nitrogen removal using Anammox and Partial nitritation (SNAP) was demonstrated under continuous-treatment conditions to be reliable and stable. An average ammonium conversion of . ± . % and a nitrogen removal of . ± . % were obtained for days of continuous operation under operational conditions of °C, pH . ~ . , and . ~ . vvm aeration rate at a loading of . kg‒N/m /d using a simulated landfi ll leachate as infl uent. The observed sludge yield of the SNAP process was calculated to be as low as . mg‒VSS/mg‒N removed. The SNAP sludge had a particle size distribution of ~ μm and showed a tendency to form aggregates inside void spaces of the net-type acryl-resin biomass carrier. Specifi c ammonium oxidizing activities of the sludge ranged from to mg‒N/g‒VSS/d and to mg‒N/g‒VSS/d under total aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Levels of ammonium oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers were determined to be ~ MPN/g‒VSS and MPN/g‒VSS, respectively. DNA analysis of the SNAP biomass revealed the existence of three dominant groups of bacteria including ammonium oxidizers closely related to Nitrosomonas europaea, nitrite oxidizers closely related to Nitrospira sp.; and anammox bacteria closely related to strains KU and KSU‒ . These bacteria were suggested to exist in a dynamic equilibrium.

Characterization of Sludge from Single-Stage Nitrogen Removal Using Anammox and Partial Nitritation (SNAP)