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Patulin is one of the toxic secondary fugal metabolites produced by Aspergillus clavatus, Penicillium expansum, Byssochlamys nivea and some others . Patulin contamination is often found in apples and apple products . Patulin was first discovered as an antibiotic in 1942 and has an antibiotic effect on both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Patulin displays a range of toxic effects that include DNA damage, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity and immunosuppression. Therefore Codex Alimentarius has recommended a patulin content of less than 50 μg/kg in apple products. Apple can become contaminated with patulin in the orchard before harvest 11) but the incidence of patulin contamination increases during storage. The apple harvest commences in late summer and continues until late autumn depending on the cultivar. The processing of apples to juice and the production of other apple products commences immediately after harvest and may continue until early spring. Patulin producing fungi, such as P. expansum, can grow and produce patulin on apples during this storage period. When apples are stored at ambient temperatures the onset of spoilage by Vol. 59 (1), 2009 7 Mycotoxins Vol. 59 (1), 2009

Effect of storage temperature on the growth of Penicillium expansum and its production of patulin in apples