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There are many reports on toxicoses caused by mycotoxins contaminated in feeds . Mycotoxins exhibit a variety of toxic effects in animals such as liver and kidney toxicity, estrogenic effects, suppression in immune system and carcinogenisity. These undesirable effects bring economic losses in animal industry through impairment of animal health and production of mycotoxin contaminated animal products. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (MAFF) has established guidelines for aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol and zearalenon in animal feeds for the prevention of mycotoxicoses and mycotoxin carry over to animal products (Table 1). Sometimes mycotoxins occur in feeds at concentrations high enough to cause acute toxicoses in animals. However, there is only one report strictly diagnosed as acute mycotoxicosis, ryegrass staggers cases reported by us, during last decade in Japan. According to the Statistical Year Books of Mutual Aid for Livestock (Kachiku Kyosai Tokei), about 300 cattle were affected mycotoxicoses every year (Table 2). These reports indicate the low incidence of acute mycotoxin poisoning of livestock in Japan. On the other hand, subclinical losses in performance or increases in incidence of disease induced by lower level mycotoxins in feeds are suggested. These suspected subclinical losses might be greater economic problem than damages brought by acute effects. But these cases, if exist, are difficult to diagnose. Therefore, the significance of mycotoxin problems in animal industry is not clear. Vol. 54 (2), 2004 113 Mycotoxins Vol. 54 (2), 2004

Effects of mycotoxins to livestock: Could there be industrial and public health problems in Japan?