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Background: Most researchers recognize and account for annual and seasonal turnover of herbaceous vegetation in sampling protocols, but few have evaluated and quantified these effects and even fewer have evaluated these effects in hybrid ecosystems. We analyzed annual and seasonal turnover in herbaceous vegetation diversity in grassland reserves, ditches, and field margins in northwest, Ohio. Methods: We sampled 33 sites in 2016 and 61 sites in 2017 with 21 sites sampled in both years. The pointintercept method was used to identify species presence along either side of two 10 meter transects. Site similarity was characterized using the Jaccard similarity index. Annual variation was analyzed via a z-test, to test the difference of similarity from complete similarity. Seasonal variation was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Results: We identified 139 species in 2016 (54% native and 46% nonnative) and 154 species in 2017 (57% native and 43% nonnative). We identified 93 species (52% native and 48% nonnative) both in 2016 and in 2017. We found a significant difference in annual site similarity (P < 0.01), and a significant difference in seasonal turnover in 2016 and 2017 between all sampling periods (P < 0.01), except Spring to Summer versus Summer to Fall in 2016 (P ≥ 0.19). Conclusion: Because there is annual and seasonal turnover in species composition, sampling herbaceous vegetation should occur across multi-years and during multi-seasonal sampling bouts to characterize diversity in an ecosystem. Highest diversity levels occurred during the summer (June to July) and could be used to maximize sampling efficiency.

sdrp journal of earth sciences and environmental studies

The influence of annual variation and seasonal turnover of plant communities in hybrid ecosystems on metrics of biodiversity: implications for herbaceous vegetation sampling design