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Ovarian cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies and is the deadliest among all gynecologic cancers. Although tremendous progress has been made on cancer biology and tumour treatment, knowledge on the mechanisms of cancer development including that for ovarian cancer remains incomplete. Thus, in addition to cancer prevention it is urgent to develop effective therapeutic modalities even for the advanced stage and drug-resistant forms of the disease with ovarian cancer being no exception. Multistep tumourigenesis is activated by various environmental carcinogens, inflammatory agents and tumour promoters. Carcinogens modulate the transcription factors, anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic proteins, protein kinases, cell cycle proteins, cell adhesion molecules and growth factor signaling pathways and thus produce malignancies. Phytochemicals exert their antitumour effects by numerous signaling pathways which in turn affect multiple steps in the various cellular pathways leading to tumourigenesis. Antitumour active phytochemicals have cytotoxic action in all ovarian cancer cell lines with comparable or greater activity in the resistant cell lines than in the parent cell line. As phytochemicals have been a part of human diet without toxic effects, they are likely to protect normal cells and tissues caused by the direct and bystander effects of platinum drugs. Therefore, it is quite logical to assume that phytochemicals possessing both cancer preventive and therapeutic attributes, can be ideal candidates in cancer prevention and synergistic outcomes from their combination with targeted therapy.

Phytochemicals in Cancer with Special Emphasis on Ovarian Cancer