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In fractured reservoirs, fluids injected Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) are channeled through the fracture zones and travel through highly permeable regions, failing to displace part of the oil, and decreasing oil recovery efficiency. To solve these problems, the conformance control technique is now widely used, as it allows the reservoir to be swept totally, similar to the ideal condition. In this context, polyacrylamide-based polymer gel systems can be used to block the high-permeability regions of the rock matrix, forming  in situ  hydrogels that block the rock pores, avoiding the channeling of the fluids, and increasing the oil production. These polyacrylamide-based hydrogels can be crosslinked by inorganic (metal ions) or organic substances, and various systems are used for conformance control. Due to the greater stability of the bond formed between the polymer and the organic crosslinker, these systems are now used in higher temperature reservoirs. In order to produce hydrogels with higher resistance to severe salinity and temperature conditions, nanoparticles are applied to form systems with good mechanical resistance, and high thermal stability. These have presented promising results for conformance control.

A comprehensive review of in situ polymer hydrogels for conformance control of oil reservoirs