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N the trajectory model for a low subsonic fin-stabilized projectile at low angle of attack is typically a point-mass model [1], taking only gravity and a constant zero yaw drag coefficient into account. This choice can be qualitatively justified for applications with short ranges and/or limited calculation resources. The disadvantage of this approach is the lack of prediction on the precision and the attitude of the projectile when hitting the target, because of a possible instability in flight. However, the use of non-lethal or less-lethal projectiles requires that the impact conditions are met, otherwise more serious injuries may occur. Therefore, the consideration of all forces and moments acting on the projectile in flight is mandatory to predict static and dynamic stability [2–7], already in the body shape design as well as in the controller design process. Until now, many efforts have been completed in steady and unsteady CFD methods to obtain a complete set of aerodynamic coefficients for gyroscopic and fin-stabilized projectiles in all flight regimes, from subsonic to supersonic speeds [8–13]. The first accurate results for fin-stabilized projectiles with relatively cost-effective steady-state methods were obtained in the supersonic regime, except for the pitch-damping coefficient who requires in some cases time-accurate solutions [14–19]. For the subsonic regimes, pure steady-state simulations showed less reliability in most of the configurations and the use of time-accurate techniques for all dynamic derivatives still seems unavoidable. When computing resources are available, the recent coupling between CFD and Rigid Body Dynamics (RBD) now makes it possible to calculate accurately both static and dynamic derivatives by means of a single simulation, all flight regimes combined [20–24].

Aerodynamic Characterization of a Non-Lethal Finned Projectile at Low Subsonic Velocity