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Effective control of unsteady aerodynamics depends on satisfactory treatment of fluid physics along with robust control techniques. For low-Reynolds number flyers operating at a chord Reynolds number of 10 or lower (hummingbird-size or smaller), due to their small size, light weight and low flight speed, it is critical for the control scheme to be effective in unsteady free-stream. In this study, a flow control framework based on linear system parameters, a penalty-based adaptive law, and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuator is applied for a stationary wing at the chord Reynolds number of 1000. Special focus is on the nonlinearity associated with unsteady flow separation subject to substantial unsteady freestream. The nonlinearity is reflected by the actuator saturation due to the breakdown voltage of the DBD actuator, vortex evolution/shedding, and the interaction between the separated flow and the free-stream. Its implications including fluctuations in lift and drag are investigated. The insight gained enables us to better manage parametric changes due to the unsteady flow environment, resulting in more effective flow control.

Nonlinearity Identification and Flow Control for Low-Reynolds Number Aerodynamics with Unsteady Free-Stream