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We consider the aerodynamic performance of flexible isotropic elliptical wings undergoing periodic plunge motions. Experiments were conducted in the Low Turbulence Water Channel at the University of Michigan using a pitch-plunge apparatus. Experimental results include dye flow visualization, laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) wing deformation measurements, particle image velocimetry (PIV) flowfield quantification, and direct force measurements establishing a novel experimental framework for investigating pitching-plunging and flapping flexible wings. This investigation focuses on the effect of wing stiffness parameter, Π1 of order 102, defined as the ratio of elastic to fluid dynamic forces. A parameter sweep is performed that spans four orders of magnitude from order 101 to 104. The Π1 of order 102-parameter is varied by changing the plate thickness and material properties. The effects of structural density to fluid density, ρ, and the thickness to chord ratio, hs, are shown to be small. The wings have elliptical planform with aspect ratio 6.1. Sinusoidal plunging kinematics are used in forward fight at a low Reynolds number (5,300) with a neutral mean effective angle of attack. The plunging motion has large reduced frequency (1.82) and modest chord-normalized plunge amplitude (0.175). Deformation measurements show that for the present conditions the wings bend without twisting. PIV measurements at the 50%- and 75%-spanwise locations show that large deflections at the wing tip result in a stronger outboard leading edge vortex due to the increased effective angle of attack for increased flexibility. The force measurements proved that the prescribed parametric configuration is not thrust producing due to small wing cross-sectional thickness, motion kinematics, and lack of aerodynamic-twist. The lift (normal) force coefficient for moderate wing stiffness parameter (Π1 of order 102 I. Nomenclature) is larger compared to the rigid wing results. The most flexible wing produced a lift coefficient history below the rigid wing and lags the rigid wing phase. For the rigid cases the force measurements show good agreement with quasi-steady two-dimensional potential flow theory, suggesting that for the present conditions tip vortex effects are small. © 2011 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved

Fluid Dynamic Forces on Plunging Spanwise-Flexible Elliptical Flat Plates at Low Reynolds Numbers