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[Abstract] This study focuses on the impingement dynamics of pulsed supersonic plumes with the ground at Mars atmospheric conditions. Experiments show that large transient pressure peaks with average amplitudes between 35 and 42 kPa (4.5-5.2 psi), and durations between 10 and 18 ms develop at the surface during the impingement of a 10 Hz pulsed underexpanded jet. These transient pressure peaks are superimposed on “quasi-steady” pressure perturbations with amplitudes of about 5 kPa (0.87 psi) and duration between 35 and 40 ms. This interaction corresponds to a 20 Hz ground shock frequency. Numerical and experimental data show that the large transient pressure amplitudes are caused by the formation and collapse of plate shocks (normal reflected shocks close to the ground surface) formed during the startup and shutdown cycle of the pulse-modulated thrusters. These pressure perturbations may cause soil liquefaction and gas-soil bursting which can lead to substantial soil erosion. Our goal is to understand the dynamics of pulsed jet impingement during terminal descent and quantify crater formation, dust lifting, and spacecraft stability at low ambient pressure. This study is the first step in this direction.

Characterization of the Impingement Dynamics of Pulsed Rocket Plumes with the Ground at Low Ambient Pressure