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The three-dimensional nature of vortex breakdown, while widely recognized, has seldom been included in the analytical investigations and, until recently, the numerical simulations of this phenomenon. The principle asymmetric effects are examined by considering the impact that a weak perturbation has on an axisymmetric vortex. It is demonstrated that large axisymmetric strain rates are required for a non-axisymmetric perturbation to grow. Simulations bear out this fact by showing significant asymmetric behavior only after a critical swirl is exceeded which leads to breakdown in an axisymmetric flow. This result supports previous investigations which predict breakdown for an axisymmetric flow, despite their inability to fully capture the complexity of the breakdown topology. Furthermore, this finding indicates that vortex breakdown may be a predominantly axisymmetric occurrence which is complicated by three-dimensional effects.

Onset of the spiral mode of vortex breakdown