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Aft er establishment of administration in newly acquired provinces at southeast of Europe, because of frequent plague epidemics Habsburg Monarchy formed a sanitary safety belt at the border with Ottoman Empire. Th is paper will describe measures taken at Paraćin quarantine that, in the period 1718–1739 used to be one of the busiest. Organization of the quarantine, procedures and instructions sent by Royal court commission were aimed at preventive actions to protect population health. Кey words: plague, 18th century, Habsburg Monarchy, quarantine, Ottoman Empire Non MeSH: Paraćin Occurrence of plague was permanent threat to lives of population of Southeast Europe, especially in 18th century. Devastating disease that oft en took more lives than wars and their consequences arrived to territory of Habsburg Monarchy from Ottoman territories in the Balkans. One of key causes was regulation of trade between Ottoman and Habsburg subjects regulated by Peace treaty of Požarevac in 1718, for aft er that ensued constant increase in volume of trade and number of people crossing border. Th e result of increased mobility of citizens of two empires was faster spreading of infections, and that compelled Vienna court to establish sanitary safety belt and apply diff erent sanitary measures to diminish risks from plague. Emulating measures applied by sanitary commissions of Venice and France, regulations * Th is paper resulted from research during the project Modernization of Western Balkans (rec. no. 177009) fi nanced by the Ministry of education, science and technological development of Republic of Serbia. Acta hist. med. stom. pharm. med. vet. / 2016 / 35 / 1 / 29–38 30 were imposed during the reign of Habsburg rulers Joseph I and Charles (Karl) VI and most important ones were defi ning establishing of sanitary safety belt at the border with Ottoman Empire. In that was a new direction of public policy was formed, reduced to certain aspects of public regulation of human lives. Although legislature that made foundation of policy for fi ghting communicable diseases was investigated and announced in Vienna, as was for instance Pest–Ordnung of October 1710, their application and effi ciency was tested at the border, i.e. in quarantines that made fi rst stop for travellers who crossed the border through merchant roads. [1 pp283, 2 p158, 3 p479, 4 p98]. In order to eliminate biological hazard to its own population and secure border with Ottoman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy used both military and administrative apparatus in 18th century. Peacetime period marked new methods the state applied to discard risks of population mass die–off due to epidemics of the disease whose causes science of the time still did not recognize. Gradual adapting of epidemics defense mechanism during the century should have led to better prediction of levels of risk, aiming to bring sanitary measures in Monarchy through statistical estimations closer to mechanisms existing in other European countries. Th e issue of diseases was not something that concerned just Court sanitary service in the Monarchy, but the whole state apparatus since that threatened also political interests. One of the goals in New Acquisition lands that Monarchy tried to impose was increasing population density in regions deserted by war, through moving German population from western provinces and by attracting Christians from Ottoman Empire [5 p14]. For that reasons especially in border provinces were applied measures aimed to increase security of population regarding both domestic and foreign dangers, to control risk from epidemics and, fi nally, to reduce severity of eventual consequences. Population of Kingdom of Serbia, a newly acquired province of Habsburg Monarchy (1718–1739), and that in border area under Ottoman rule was for many reasons most exposed to all epidemics of communicable diseases. As a border region, it hosted military crews (of regular Austrian army and Serbian people’s militia at military border), and was transit area for merchants and travellers from all parts of both empires, and it meant fi rst of all people from Constantinople that used to be focal point of almost all plague epidemics in Ottoman Empire so it became virtually endemic. Due to ignorance of preventive measures, such as parting living space of healthy and diseased. Th e plague at Balkans was almost permanently present to larger or smaller extent and it was taking away thousands of human lives. Possible endemic regions for plague were also northern Albania, and wider region of Sarajevo and Mostar, but plague at Balkans did not seized all these regions simultaneously [6 p939]. Th rough preventing forming of endemic regions, the Monarchy wanted to avoid continuance and intensity of the disease and eliminate a factor that was taking strength, energy and productivity from its population. Epidemics of plague at Balkans in 18th century appeared from time to time, so there are actually several shorter and longer periods when they lasted. Th ere are Đorđević M., Sanitary Policy of Habsburg Monarchy and Organization of Paraćin... 31 not many details on plague epidemics at the time when Paraćin quarantine existed, neither in sources nor in literature. Most data on epidemics in that time come from Venetian sources, more precisely from reports by individuals and notifi cation by sanitary authorities of Venice of July 28 1719, and from report of Ardeal physician Chenot [6 p937, 7 p221]. On the death of many Austrian soldiers in Belgrade on August 22, 1719 reported Vincenzo Antonio Pedro, probably a member of Venetian sanitary service, while Carlo Ruzzini at his arrival to Constantinople on September 23, 1719 reported on plague that months earlier devastated that city [6 p939–941]. Also in that period Lady Wortly Montagu in his letters on travelling through Ottoman Empire recorded in Constantinople plague incidents that were spreading fast. Th ese news were later received by sanitary authorities of several European countries [8 pp712, 9 p183, 10 p336]. With stronger or weaker intensity, plague was present in Prizren region in November 1722, and in Valjevo in 1734 [6 p941, 11 p16]. Aft er a short period with no records on spreading of communicable diseases started a new Austro–Turkish war, and at that time plague appeared in Austrian army in 1738 and was transferred to Hungary and Timisoara Banat [7 p240]. Th e application of sanitary measures is usually attributed to the governor (Landshauptmann) of Upper Austria, Christoph Wilhelm Graf von Th ürheim [12 p968], who in September 1719 issued an order to have applied necessary measures in the Monarchy to prevent spreading disease from Kingdom of Serbia, but also from Ardeal, Wallachia and Rijeka (Fiume). Th is act primarily demonstrates the urge of the state to establish control over internal epidemics risks, but also to separate periphery population from the rest of Monarchy in exceptional situations. Austrian authorities were taking seriously notes from Venetian Republic on epidemics, as confi rmed by the fact that sanitary safety belt was established straight away in New Acquisition lands and that order was issued on better control of border with Ottoman Empire. Th at required all people crossing border to be examined and controlled in quarantines at main merchant roads, and to prevent illegal crossings of smugglers with a help of Serbian militia, regular army and district authorities. Cooperation between military and civil authorities is documented by establishing of permanent communication of commanders and offi cers of border garrisons of Austrian army with staff of quarantines, via two so–called post–offi cers. Th ey were in charge of relaying letters and received monthly income of 50 forint and additional expenses from chamber income. Th ese offi cers in exceptional situations had full authority to deliberate measures of sanitary policy at the border without prior consultations with Court war council or border garrison command [13]. Although newly acquired provinces had same legal status in the Habsburg Monarchy but with separate administrations, supreme authorities order that, if plague appeared in any of them, such province should be isolated by sanitary safety belt from the rest of the Monarchy [13]. Isolation of contaminated regions was diff erent in urban and rural environments. In villages military authorities took all necessary measures to prevent further spreading of plague. People were forced to stay in their homes, and all social events Acta hist. med. stom. pharm. med. vet. / 2016 / 35 / 1 / 29–38 32 were banned. Domestic animals, foremost poultry, dogs and cats, were killed for it was believed they are prime carriers of plague. In urban environments, city authorities organized quarantine on their own. To prevent infected persons from even entering city, at borders all travellers were given certifi cate on their health condition. If symptoms of disease, due to incubation period, appeared later, despite possession of certifi cate by border service such infected person was forbidden to enter city. For all diseased travellers there was a special house outside city where they could reside. Despite all precautions, cities were oft en seized by epidemics. To cut down human losses, city authorities separated infected from healthy persons. Corpses were put in coffi ns and buried deep into the ground, and all personal property of infected person was burned. As a preventive measure, citizens had to keep houses clean, and city took over treatment expenses for poorest citizens. On September 25, 1719 requested was closing of borders between Ardeal, Hungary, Timisoara Banat and imperial Wallachia, and break of any kind of communication between Monarchy and Ottoman Empire on Danube, Timok, Morava, Drina, on Sava towards Bosnia and in all imperial ports at the Adriatic [14 p77]. Th e quarantine of Paraćin was one of the most important for Austrian authorities, not jus

Sanitary Policy of Habsburg Monarchy and Organization of Paraćin Quarantine in 18th Century