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Multi-component non-stationary vibration signals produced at local gear fault can easily be covered by periodic harmonic signal and strong background noise, thus causing difficulty in selecting gear fault features and diagnosing fault state. To address this issue, a gear fault diagnosis method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and envelope spectrum was proposed in this study, which was then employed to select gear-fault features from multi-component vibration signals adaptively, extract fault characteristic frequency, and determine health conditions of the gear. Based on VMD of gear-fault vibration signals in complicated environments, the relationship between center frequency at decomposed intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and the gear mesh frequency was discussed. The technique used to determine the number of decomposed modes and gear-fault characteristic component was also analyzed. On this basis, the gear fault state was disclosed. The proposed approach was validated by fault simulation and experimental data. Results demonstrate that the number of decomposed modes can influence VMD and the selection of fault characteristic component. The center frequency of IMFs obtained from VMD is compared with the gear mesh frequency. When the difference is lower than a certain threshold, the corresponding IMF is the gear-fault characteristic component, and the number of decomposed modes is simultaneously determined. The fault characteristic frequency is extracted from Hilbert envelope demodulation of characteristic component, which is used to determine the gear fault state. Conclusions obtained in this study can provide important references for the VMD method to facilitate effective selection of fault characteristic components during gear fault diagnosis and offer new insights into this type of diagnosis.

Gear Fault Diagnosis based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Envelope Spectrum