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Heart rate, number of jaw movements and number of pauses between jaw movements longer than 3 seconds were recorded over a 13 day grazing period using a Holstein heifer with four other heifers. Sward surface height was 31cm at the start of grazing (May 9) and 14.5 cm on the 11th day of grazing (May 19), and the experiment was completed on the 13th day (May 21). Grazing time per day increased noticeably from day 1 to day 6 of the grazing period. After that it decreased by approximately 20% on days 9 and 10, due to one of the four heifers being in heat, and then returned the previous level on the 11th day. Rumination time gradually increased in the first half of the grazing period but did not change in the latter half. The R: G ratio (rumination: grazing ratio) showed a tendency to increase from 0.63 to 0.83 with grazing days. Daily heart beats (DHB; total beats per day) gradually increased from day 2 (about 141,000 beats) to day 5 (about 143,000 beats) of the grazing period and then decreased till the end of the grazing period. The value for day 12 was about 120,000 beats. The average heart rate during grazing periods per day was higher than that during rumination periods by 10 to 15 beats per minute throughout the grazing period. Heart rate during both grazing and rumination slightly increased till day 5 and thereafter gradually decreased till the end of the grazing period. These changes were similar to those of the DHB. The peak frequency of all jaw movements during grazing periods increased from the 2nd to the 4th day of grazing, and stayed at about 84 to 86 bites from the 5th day to the 10th day. The results obtained in our field observation indicated that grazing and rumination time, jaw movements during grazing, DHB, and heart rates during grazing and rumination changed in close relation to a decrease in the amount of herbage available and to a change in sward characteristics with different grazing days. Anim. Sci. Technol. (Jpn.) 65 (1):16-21, 1994

Changes of Heart Rate, Grazing and Rumination Time and Jaw Movements in Cattle with Grazing Days